E-China, yayibizwa ngokuba yi "qi," isimboli sempilo.EYiputa kwakusithiwa “ankh,” umfuziselo wobomi obungunaphakade.KumaFenike, le mbekiselo yayithetha into enye noAphrodite—uthixokazi wothando nobuhle.
Ezi mpucuko zamandulo zazibhekiselele kubhedu, into ebonwa ziinkcubeko kwihlabathi liphela njengebalulekile kwimpilo yethu ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-5,000.Xa umkhuhlane, iibhaktheriya ezifana ne-E. coli, ii-superbugs ezifana ne-MRSA, okanye ii-coronavirus ezihlala kwindawo eqinileyo, zinokuphila ukuya kutsho kwiintsuku ezine ukuya kwezintlanu.Kodwa xa zifika phezu kobhedu, kunye neengxube zobhedu ezifana nobhedu, ziqala ukufa kwimizuzu nje embalwa kwaye azibonakali kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa.
“Sizibonile iintsholongwane zigqabhuka zahlukana,” utshilo uBill Keevil, unjingalwazi wezempilo kokusingqongileyo kwiYunivesithi yaseSouthampton.Bahlala phezu kobhedu yaye oko kuyabathoba isidima sabo.” Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba eIndiya, abantu bebesela kwiikomityi zobhedu kangangamawaka eminyaka.Nalapha eUnited States, intambo yobhedu izisa amanzi akho okusela.Ubhedu luyinto yendalo, i-passive, i-antimicrobial material.Iyakwazi ukuzicoca umphezulu wayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sombane okanye iblitshi.
Ubhedu lwakhula ngexesha leNguqulelo yezoShishino njengesixhobo sezinto, izixhobo kunye nezakhiwo.I-Copper isasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuthungelwano lwamandla-imarike yobhedu, enyanisweni, ikhula ngenxa yokuba izinto eziphathekayo ziyi-conductor esebenzayo.Kodwa imathiriyeli ikhutshiwe kwizicelo ezininzi zokwakha ngamaza ezinto ezintsha ukusuka kwinkulungwane yama-20.Iiplastiki, iglasi epholileyo, i-aluminium, kunye nensimbi engenasici zizinto zanamhlanje-ezisetyenziselwa yonke into ukusuka kwi-architecture ukuya kwiimveliso ze-Apple.Amaqhina ocango kunye neentsimbi zezandla ziye zaphuma kwisitayile njengabayili bezakhiwo kunye nabayili bekhethe izinto ezikhangeleka zintle (kwaye zihlala zitshiphu).
Ngoku uKeevil ukholelwa ukuba lixesha lokubuyisela ubhedu kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nezibhedlele ngakumbi.Xa sijongana nekamva elingenakuthintelwa elizele ziindyikityha zehlabathi, kufanele ukuba sisebenzisa ubhedu kukhathalelo lwempilo, kuhambo lukawonke-wonke, kunye namakhaya ethu.Kwaye ngelixa ixesha seliphelile ukuba liyeke i-COVID-19, akukabi kudala kakhulu ukuba sicinge ngobhubhane wethu olandelayo. Izibonelelo zobhedu, zibaliwe.
Bekufanele ukuba siyibonile isiza, kwaye eneneni, kukho umntu owayibonayo.
Ngo-1983, umphandi wezonyango uPhyllis J. Kuhn wabhala ugxeko lokuqala lokunyamalala kobhedu awaluqaphela ezibhedlele.Ngexesha loqeqesho lococeko kwiziko lezoNyango laseHamot ePittsburgh, abafundi bagxothe iindawo ezahlukeneyo esibhedlele, kubandakanya izitya zangasese kunye namaqhina eminyango.Uqaphele ukuba izindlu zangasese zicocekile ziintsholongwane, ngelixa ezinye zezinto ezilungisiweyo bezimdaka kakhulu kwaye zikhulisa iibhaktheriya ezinobungozi xa zivunyelwe ukuba ziphindaphindeke kwiipleyiti zeagar.
“Amaqhosha ecango acwebezelayo nabengezelayo kunye neepleyiti zokutyhala zikhangeleka zicocekile kucango lwasesibhedlele.Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaqhosha ecango kunye neepleyiti zobhedu ezonakeleyo zikhangeleka zimdaka kwaye zingcolisa,” wabhala ngelo xesha.Kodwa kwanaxa igqabhukile, ubhedu—ingxubevange yobhedu engama-67 ekhulwini ne-zinc engama-33 ekhulwini—[ibulala iintsholongwane], ngoxa intsimbi engatyiwayo—malunga nama-88 ekhulwini ne-12% yechromium—ayikuthinteli ukukhula kwentsholongwane.”
Ekugqibeleni, walisongela iphepha lakhe ngesigqibo esilula ngokwaneleyo ukuze yonke inkqubo yezempilo ilandele.“Ukuba isibhedlele sakho siyalungiswa, zama ukugcina izixhobo zakudala zobhedu okanye uziphindaphinde;ukuba unentsimbi yentsimbi, qiniseka ukuba ibulawa iintsholongwane yonke imihla, ngakumbi kwiindawo zokhathalelo olunzima.”
Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, kwaye ngokuvunyiweyo ngenkxaso-mali evela kuMbutho woPhuhliso lweCopper (iqela lezorhwebo lobhedu), uKeevil uye watyhalela phambili uphando lukaKuhn.Esebenza kwilebhu yakhe kunye nezona ntsholongwane zoyikeka kakhulu emhlabeni, uye wabonisa ukuba ubhedu alubulali iibhaktheriya kuphela ngokufanelekileyo;ikwabulala neentsholongwane.
Kumsebenzi kaKeevil, uthi nkxu ipleyiti yobhedu etywaleni ukuze ayicolise.Emva koko uyithi nkxu kwi-acetone ukuze asuse nayiphi na ioyile engaphandle.Emva koko uwisa isuntswana le pathogen phezu komhlaba.Ngemizuzu yomile.Isampulu ihlala naphi na ukusuka kwimizuzu embalwa ukuya kwiintsuku ezimbalwa.Emva koko uyihlukuhla kwibhokisi ezele ngamaso eglasi kunye nolwelo.Amaso akhuhla ibhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane kulwelo, kwaye ulwelo lunokuthathwa isampulu ukubona ubukho bazo.Kwezinye iimeko, uye wavelisa iindlela ze-microscopy ezivumela ukuba abukele-kwaye arekhode-i-pathogen etshatyalaliswa ngobhedu xa ibetha phezulu.
Umphumo ubonakala njengomlingo, uthi, kodwa ngeli xesha, i-phenomena edlalwayo yisayensi eqondwa kakuhle.Xa intsholongwane okanye ibhaktheriya ibetha ipleyiti, igcwala ii-ion zobhedu.Ezo ion zigqobhoza iiseli kunye neentsholongwane ezinjengeembumbulu.Ubhedu aluzibulali nje ezi ntsholongwane;iyawatshabalalisa, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-nucleic acids, okanye iiplani zokuzala, ngaphakathi.
UKeevil uthi: “Akukho thuba lokuguquka kwemfuza [okanye indaleko] kuba yonke imizila yemfuza iyatshatyalaliswa.Le yenye yeenzuzo zokwenene zobhedu.Ngamanye amazwi, ukusebenzisa ubhedu akuzi nomngcipheko wokuba, yithi, ukumisela ngaphezulu kwe-antibiotics.Ngumbono nje olungileyo.
Kuvavanyo lwehlabathi lokwenyani, ubhedu lungqina ukubaluleka kwalo Ngaphandle kwelebhu, abanye abaphandi baye bajonga ukuba ingaba ubhedu luyawenza umahluko xa lusetyenziswa kwiimeko zonyango zokwenyani-okubandakanya amaqhosha engcango esibhedlele ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa neendawo ezinjengeebhedi zesibhedlele, iindwendwe- izihlalo ze-armrests, kunye ne-IV stands.Ngo-2015, abaphandi abasebenza kwisibonelelo seSebe lezoKhuselo bathelekisa amazinga osulelo kwizibhedlele ezithathu, kwaye bafumanisa ukuba xa i-alloys yobhedu isetyenziswe kwizibhedlele ezithathu, yanciphisa izinga losulelo nge-58%.Uphononongo olufanayo lwenziwa ngo-2016 ngaphakathi kwiyunithi yokhathalelo lwabantwana, olwabonisa ukuhla okuchukumisayo okufanayo kwinqanaba losulelo.
Kodwa kuthekani ngeendleko?Ubhedu luhlala lubiza kakhulu kuneplastiki okanye i-aluminiyam, kwaye kaninzi i-pricier alternative kwintsimbi.Kodwa ngenxa yokuba usulelo oluqhutywa esibhedlele luxabisa inkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-45 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngonyaka-singasathethi ke ngokubulala abantu abaninzi njenge-90,000-indleko yokuphucula ubhedu ayinanto xa kuthelekiswa.
U-Keevil, ongasayifumani inkxaso-mali kwishishini lobhedu, ukholelwa ukuba uxanduva luwela kubakhi bezakhiwo ukukhetha ubhedu kwiiprojekthi zokwakha ezintsha.I-Copper yayiyeyokuqala (kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku yeyokugqibela) i-antimicrobial surface metal evunywe yi-EPA.(Iinkampani ezikwishishini lesilivere zizamile zaza zasilela ukubanga ukuba yi-antimicrobial, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwisohlwayo se-EPA).“Sibonise i-nickel yethusi ifana nobhedu ekubulaleni ibhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane,” utshilo.Kwaye i-nickel yobhedu ayifuni kukhangeleka njengexilongo elidala;ayibonakali kwintsimbi engenasici.
Ngokubhekiselele kwezinye izakhiwo zehlabathi ezingekahlaziywa ukuze zikrazule izixhobo zakudala zobhedu, uKeevil unecebiso: “Musa ukuzisusa, nantoni na oyenzayo.Ezi zezona zinto zintle onazo.”
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-25-2021